This project will provide a radically new history of early modern trans-Pacific trade, by critically re-evaluating conventionally used sources, examining hitherto neglected historical archives and records in a range of Asian and European languages, and analysing recent archaeological evidence using new methodologies and perspectives. An interdisciplinary team, comprising specialists in Chinese, Japanese, Latin American, Southeast Asian, economic, environmental, and medical history, maritime archaeology, and geographical sciences, will, for the first time, systematically investigate the roles of actors, objects, side-effects, and exchanges that were ‘invisible’ or marginal to conventional histories of the Manila Galleon trade (1565 to 1815). The project will also examine informal trade routes and networks in this trans-Pacific trade connection, concentrating on the 16th to 18th centuries.
Research
To achieve this goal, the project team will expand upon the structure and impacts of contraband, informal, accidental, and undesired exchanges of cargoes, people, knowledge, technologies, and diseases across the Pacific, to evaluate, first, the complexity, nature, and degree of the global interconnectivity of Asian and European sub-regional networks, and, second, to reassess both their positive and negative impacts on trans-Pacific trade generally, and on indigenous actors and societies in China, Japan, and the Viceroyalty of Peru specifically. This includes aspects such as the examination of geographical knowledge as portrayed in maps; navigation routes; military, navigational, and other technologies, medicinal knowledge and products, the role of environmental impacts (such as typhoons, ocean currents, etc.), climate change, piracy and human reactions to such hazards, as well as the accidental transfer of diseases. Our aim is to replace the outdated image of the galleon trade as being a pure exchange of silks, ceramics, and spices for silver between Acapulco and Manila, and to create a novel and more comprehensive bottom-up narrative that places human-environment interaction at the core of analysis.
TRANSPACIFIC will substantially transform the understanding of the trans-Pacific Manila Galleon trade and its impacts, and, in so doing, will open the way for the re-evaluation of other major trans-maritime networks.
Finally, we are creating a large spatio-temporal project database.
This project is funded by the European Research Council, through an ERC AdG (Horizon 2020).
Project publications (see our link ‘Publications’ for a full list)
– Angela Schottenhammer, “The Role of Cacao and Chocolate in Transpacific Exchange: Part I, Cacao Comes to Asia”, TRANSPACIFIC Research Notes 4:2 (2023); interactive versions, see https://crossroads-research.net/transpacific/cacao/.
– Angela Schottenhammer, “Some Insights into the Medical Situation on Board of Galleons Traveling across the Pacific Ocean in the Eighteenth Century”, Asian Review of World Histories 12:2 (2024), 319–348. Special Issue: What Makes the World Go Round: Festschrift in Honor of Hans Ulrich Vogel, edited by Cao Jin and Alexander Jost.
– Angela Schottenhammer, “The Role of Cacao and Chocolate in Transpacific Exchange. Part II, Cacao as Transpacific Trade Good and Global Commodity”, Sillares Revista de Estudios Históricos 4:7 (2024), 277-347.
– Marina Torres Trimállezs, “Caminos de ida y vuelta: el rol de América en la misión católica en China. On the way out and back: America’s role in the Catholic mission in China”, Sillares Revista de Estudios Históricos 4:7 (2024), 10-42.
– Juan Carlos Gonzalez Balderas, “Los puertos peruano-chilenos como espacios de contrabando, mercadeo y consumo global: el caso del navío francés L’Eclair (1714). Peruvian-Chilean ports as spaces for smuggling, marketing and global consumption: the case of the French ship L’Eclair (1714)”, Sillares Revista de Estudios Históricos 4:7 (2024), 121-164.
– Guillermo Ruiz-Stovel, “A Chinese Ethnography of Spanish Manila (1812)”, Chapter 4 of Christina Lee, Ricardo Padrón (eds.), The Spanish Pacific, 1521-1815, Volume 2 A Reader of Primary Sources[Connected Histories in the Early Modern World] (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University press, 2024).
– Juan Carlos González Balderas, “The Medicine Monopoly Contract in Manila: A Perspective on Medical Provision and the Circulation of Medicine in the Early Eighteenth Century”, Crossroads – An Interdisciplinary Journal of Asian Interactions 1-2 (2022), 167-197.
– Elke Papelitzky, ‘Old and New Views on the “Barbarians”: The 1612 Fangyu shenglüe 方輿勝略’, Transpacific Research Notes 3 (2023), https://crossroads-research.net/barbarians-microsite/.
– Mariano Bonialian, “The Silver of Potosí, 1580– 1630. The Beating and Pumping of One of the Hearts of Early Globalization”, Chapter 6 of Potosí in the Global Silver Age (16th—19th Centuries) [Studies in Global Social History, 49/3], ed. by Rossana Barragán und Paula C. Zagalsky (Leiden, Boston: E. J. Brill, 2023), 245-275.
– Wim De Winter, “Silently Smuggled and Invisibly Dyed: The Trans-Pacific Smuggling of Semiprocessed Asian Textiles and Peruvian Bullion in the Spanish Colonies and at Sea, 1547-1800”, Commodities of Empire Working Paper Series – WP 35 (june 2022), 1-32.
– Juan Carlos González Balderas & Angela Schottenhammer, “Agustín Sánchez, a Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Ship Surgeon Crossing the Pacific Ocean“, TRANSPACIFIC Research Notes 01 (2022), 1-55.
– Angela Schottenhammer, “Epidemic and Environmental Change in China’s Early Modern Maritime World during the “Little Ice Age” (ca. 1500–1680)”, in Philip Gooding (ed.), Drought, Floods, and Rainfall anomalies in the IOW (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021/22), 63-95.
– Mariano A. Bonialian, “El Perú colonial en la temprana globalización. El caso del navío Nuestra Señora del Rosario (1591)“, Mediterranea – ricerche storiche – 18 (2021), 573-594.
– Angela Schottenhammer, “’Peruvian balsam’”: An Example of Transoceanic Transfer of Medicinal Knowledge”, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 16:69 (2020), 1-29, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-020-00407-y; https://rdcu.be/cagEq
– Angela Schottenhammer, “Connecting China with the Pacific World?“, Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens 31 (2019), 111-170.
– Angela Schottenhammer, “Some Remarks on the Use and Provision of Camphor in Early Modern China and in Spanish Asian and American Colonies”, in From the Steppe to the Sea: A Festschrift for Paul Buell, ed. by Timothy May (2024), in press.
– Angela Schottenhammer, “Insights into Global Maritime Trade Around 1600”, “Insights into Global Maritime Trade Around 1600”, Chapter 8 of The Economic History of India. Historiographical Issues and Perspectives – Essays in Honor of Professor Ranabir Chakravarti, ed. by R. Mahalakshmi and Suchandra Ghosh et al. (Bloomsbury: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2023), 161-199.
– Mariano A. Bonialian, “Peruleros en China y Filipinas“, Islas e Imperios 23 (2021), 185-211.
– Angela Schottenhammer, Mathieu Torck, Wim De Winter, “Surgeons and Physicians on the Move in the Asian Waters (15th to 18th Centuries)”, Haiyangshi yanjiu 海洋史研究 18 (2022), 245-302.
– Angela Schottenhammer, “Maritime Disasters and Risk Appraisals in the East Asian Waters”, Études thématiques (2021), forthcoming.